Here are 50 Most commonly asked interview programming fundamental questions for interviews and written exams:

1. What is a programming language, and why do we use them?
2. Explain the difference between a compiler and an interpreter.
3. What is the purpose of a variable in programming, and how is it different from a constant?
4. What is a data type, and why is it important in programming?
5. Describe the concept of control structures in programming. What are the three main types of control structures, and when would you use each one?
6. What is the difference between a function and a method in programming?
7. Explain the concept of “scope” in programming. What is the difference between local and global scope?
8. What is an algorithm, and why is it important in programming?
9. What is debugging, and how do you go about finding and fixing bugs in your code?
10. Describe the basic principles of object-oriented programming (OOP) and provide an example of an OOP concept.
11. What is the purpose of conditional statements in programming, and how do you use if-else statements to make decisions in your code?
12. Explain the concept of a loop in programming, and provide examples of different types of loops.
13. What is an array, and how is it used in programming?
14. Describe the concept of “recursion” in programming and provide an example of a recursive function.
15. What is the difference between “stack” and “heap” memory in programming?
16. What is the role of libraries and frameworks in software development, and why are they important?
17. How do you handle exceptions and errors in programming, and what is the purpose of try-catch blocks?
18. Explain the concept of “time complexity” and “space complexity” in the context of algorithm analysis.
19. Describe the basic principles of version control, and provide an example of a version control system.
20. What is the significance of code documentation, and how do you document your code effectively?
21. What is the difference between static and dynamic typing in programming languages?
22. Explain the concept of pointers in C/C++ and their role in memory management.
23. What is the difference between “stack” and “queue” data structures, and when would you use each?
24. How does memory management work in programming languages like C and C++?
25. What is the difference between pass by value and pass by reference in function arguments?
26. Explain the concept of polymorphism in object-oriented programming.
27. What is a design pattern, and can you provide an example of a commonly used design pattern?
28. Describe the principles of test-driven development (TDD) and its benefits.
29. What is a database and how is it used in software development?
30. Explain the concept of normalization in database design.
31. What is an API (Application Programming Interface), and why is it important for software development?
32. How do you handle concurrent programming and what are common synchronization mechanisms?
33. What is the purpose of the Model-View-Controller (MVC) architectural pattern?
34. Explain the concept of “Big O” notation and its significance in algorithm analysis.
35. What is the difference between a linked list and an array, and when would you use each?
36. Describe the concept of multi-threading and multi-processing in the context of parallel computing.
37. What is the role of a software framework, and can you provide examples of popular frameworks?
38. Explain the concept of object serialization and deserialization in software development.
39. What is the importance of software security, and how can you prevent common security vulnerabilities?
40. Describe the difference between a heap and a stack in memory allocation.
41. How do you handle memory leaks in programming, and what tools or techniques can you use?
42. What is the purpose of the SOLID principles in object-oriented design?
43. Explain the concept of asynchronous programming and its use cases.
44. What is the role of an operating system in software development?
45. Describe the principles of continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD).
46. What is the difference between HTTP and HTTPS, and why is HTTPS important for web security?
47. How do you optimize code for performance, and what tools can help with profiling and optimization?
48. What is the role of a software architect, and what skills are important for this role?
49. Explain the concept of design by contract and how it relates to software reliability.
50. What is the difference between a stack and a heap data structure, and when would you use each in a program?